字符大全

埃及圣书体字符 Egyptian Hieroglyphs

U+13000 - U+1342F
𓀀U+13000
𓀁U+13001
𓀂U+13002
𓀃U+13003
𓀄U+13004
𓀅U+13005
𓀆U+13006
𓀇U+13007
𓀈U+13008
𓀉U+13009
𓀊U+1300A
𓀋U+1300B
𓀌U+1300C
𓀍U+1300D
𓀎U+1300E
𓀏U+1300F
𓀐U+13010
𓀑U+13011
𓀒U+13012
𓀓U+13013
𓀔U+13014
𓀕U+13015
𓀖U+13016
𓀗U+13017
𓀘U+13018
𓀙U+13019
𓀚U+1301A
𓀛U+1301B
𓀜U+1301C
𓀝U+1301D
𓀞U+1301E
𓀟U+1301F
𓀠U+13020
𓀡U+13021
𓀢U+13022
𓀣U+13023
𓀤U+13024
𓀥U+13025
𓀦U+13026
𓀧U+13027
𓀨U+13028
𓀩U+13029
𓀪U+1302A
𓀫U+1302B
𓀬U+1302C
𓀭U+1302D
𓀮U+1302E
𓀯U+1302F
𓀰U+13030
𓀱U+13031
𓀲U+13032
𓀳U+13033
𓀴U+13034
𓀵U+13035
𓀶U+13036
𓀷U+13037
𓀸U+13038
𓀹U+13039
𓀺U+1303A
𓀻U+1303B
𓀼U+1303C
𓀽U+1303D
𓀾U+1303E
𓀿U+1303F
𓁀U+13040
𓁁U+13041
𓁂U+13042
𓁃U+13043
𓁄U+13044
𓁅U+13045
𓁆U+13046
𓁇U+13047
𓁈U+13048
𓁉U+13049
𓁊U+1304A
𓁋U+1304B
𓁌U+1304C
𓁍U+1304D
𓁎U+1304E
𓁏U+1304F
𓁐U+13050
𓁑U+13051
𓁒U+13052
𓁓U+13053
𓁔U+13054
𓁕U+13055
𓁖U+13056
𓁗U+13057
𓁘U+13058
𓁙U+13059
𓁚U+1305A
𓁛U+1305B
𓁜U+1305C
𓁝U+1305D
𓁞U+1305E
𓁟U+1305F
𓁠U+13060
𓁡U+13061
𓁢U+13062
𓁣U+13063
𓁤U+13064
𓁥U+13065
𓁦U+13066
𓁧U+13067
𓁨U+13068
𓁩U+13069
𓁪U+1306A
𓁫U+1306B
𓁬U+1306C
𓁭U+1306D
𓁮U+1306E
𓁯U+1306F
𓁰U+13070
𓁱U+13071
𓁲U+13072
𓁳U+13073
𓁴U+13074
𓁵U+13075
𓁶U+13076
𓁷U+13077
𓁸U+13078
𓁹U+13079
𓁺U+1307A
𓁻U+1307B
𓁼U+1307C
𓁽U+1307D
𓁾U+1307E
𓁿U+1307F
𓂀U+13080
𓂁U+13081
𓂂U+13082
𓂃U+13083
𓂄U+13084
𓂅U+13085
𓂆U+13086
𓂇U+13087
𓂈U+13088
𓂉U+13089
𓂊U+1308A
𓂋U+1308B
𓂌U+1308C
𓂍U+1308D
𓂎U+1308E
𓂏U+1308F
𓂐U+13090
𓂑U+13091
𓂒U+13092
𓂓U+13093
𓂔U+13094
𓂕U+13095
𓂖U+13096
𓂗U+13097
𓂘U+13098
𓂙U+13099
𓂚U+1309A
𓂛U+1309B
𓂜U+1309C
𓂝U+1309D
𓂞U+1309E
𓂟U+1309F
𓂠U+130A0
𓂡U+130A1
𓂢U+130A2
𓂣U+130A3
𓂤U+130A4
𓂥U+130A5
𓂦U+130A6
𓂧U+130A7
𓂨U+130A8
𓂩U+130A9
𓂪U+130AA
𓂫U+130AB
𓂬U+130AC
𓂭U+130AD
𓂮U+130AE
𓂯U+130AF
𓂰U+130B0
𓂱U+130B1
𓂲U+130B2
𓂳U+130B3
𓂴U+130B4
𓂵U+130B5
𓂶U+130B6
𓂷U+130B7
𓂸U+130B8
𓂹U+130B9
𓂺U+130BA
𓂻U+130BB
𓂼U+130BC
𓂽U+130BD
𓂾U+130BE
𓂿U+130BF
𓃀U+130C0
𓃁U+130C1
𓃂U+130C2
𓃃U+130C3
𓃄U+130C4
𓃅U+130C5
𓃆U+130C6
𓃇U+130C7
𓃈U+130C8
𓃉U+130C9
𓃊U+130CA
𓃋U+130CB
𓃌U+130CC
𓃍U+130CD
𓃎U+130CE
𓃏U+130CF
𓃐U+130D0
𓃑U+130D1
𓃒U+130D2
𓃓U+130D3
𓃔U+130D4
𓃕U+130D5
𓃖U+130D6
𓃗U+130D7
𓃘U+130D8
𓃙U+130D9
𓃚U+130DA
𓃛U+130DB
𓃜U+130DC
𓃝U+130DD
𓃞U+130DE
𓃟U+130DF
𓃠U+130E0
𓃡U+130E1
𓃢U+130E2
𓃣U+130E3
𓃤U+130E4
𓃥U+130E5
𓃦U+130E6
𓃧U+130E7
𓃨U+130E8
𓃩U+130E9
𓃪U+130EA
𓃫U+130EB
𓃬U+130EC
𓃭U+130ED
𓃮U+130EE
𓃯U+130EF
𓃰U+130F0
𓃱U+130F1
𓃲U+130F2
𓃳U+130F3
𓃴U+130F4
𓃵U+130F5
𓃶U+130F6
𓃷U+130F7
𓃸U+130F8
𓃹U+130F9
𓃺U+130FA
𓃻U+130FB
𓃼U+130FC
𓃽U+130FD
𓃾U+130FE
𓃿U+130FF
𓄀U+13100
𓄁U+13101
𓄂U+13102
𓄃U+13103
𓄄U+13104
𓄅U+13105
𓄆U+13106
𓄇U+13107
𓄈U+13108
𓄉U+13109
𓄊U+1310A
𓄋U+1310B
𓄌U+1310C
𓄍U+1310D
𓄎U+1310E
𓄏U+1310F
𓄐U+13110
𓄑U+13111
𓄒U+13112
𓄓U+13113
𓄔U+13114
𓄕U+13115
𓄖U+13116
𓄗U+13117
𓄘U+13118
𓄙U+13119
𓄚U+1311A
𓄛U+1311B
𓄜U+1311C
𓄝U+1311D
𓄞U+1311E
𓄟U+1311F
𓄠U+13120
𓄡U+13121
𓄢U+13122
𓄣U+13123
𓄤U+13124
𓄥U+13125
𓄦U+13126
𓄧U+13127
𓄨U+13128
𓄩U+13129
𓄪U+1312A
𓄫U+1312B
𓄬U+1312C
𓄭U+1312D
𓄮U+1312E
𓄯U+1312F
𓄰U+13130
𓄱U+13131
𓄲U+13132
𓄳U+13133
𓄴U+13134
𓄵U+13135
𓄶U+13136
𓄷U+13137
𓄸U+13138
𓄹U+13139
𓄺U+1313A
𓄻U+1313B
𓄼U+1313C
𓄽U+1313D
𓄾U+1313E
𓄿U+1313F
𓅀U+13140
𓅁U+13141
𓅂U+13142
𓅃U+13143
𓅄U+13144
𓅅U+13145
𓅆U+13146
𓅇U+13147
𓅈U+13148
𓅉U+13149
𓅊U+1314A
𓅋U+1314B
𓅌U+1314C
𓅍U+1314D
𓅎U+1314E
𓅏U+1314F
𓅐U+13150
𓅑U+13151
𓅒U+13152
𓅓U+13153
𓅔U+13154
𓅕U+13155
𓅖U+13156
𓅗U+13157
𓅘U+13158
𓅙U+13159
𓅚U+1315A
𓅛U+1315B
𓅜U+1315C
𓅝U+1315D
𓅞U+1315E
𓅟U+1315F
𓅠U+13160
𓅡U+13161
𓅢U+13162
𓅣U+13163
𓅤U+13164
𓅥U+13165
𓅦U+13166
𓅧U+13167
𓅨U+13168
𓅩U+13169
𓅪U+1316A
𓅫U+1316B
𓅬U+1316C
𓅭U+1316D
𓅮U+1316E
𓅯U+1316F
𓅰U+13170
𓅱U+13171
𓅲U+13172
𓅳U+13173
𓅴U+13174
𓅵U+13175
𓅶U+13176
𓅷U+13177
𓅸U+13178
𓅹U+13179
𓅺U+1317A
𓅻U+1317B
𓅼U+1317C
𓅽U+1317D
𓅾U+1317E
𓅿U+1317F
𓆀U+13180
𓆁U+13181
𓆂U+13182
𓆃U+13183
𓆄U+13184
𓆅U+13185
𓆆U+13186
𓆇U+13187
𓆈U+13188
𓆉U+13189
𓆊U+1318A
𓆋U+1318B
𓆌U+1318C
𓆍U+1318D
𓆎U+1318E
𓆏U+1318F
𓆐U+13190
𓆑U+13191
𓆒U+13192
𓆓U+13193
𓆔U+13194
𓆕U+13195
𓆖U+13196
𓆗U+13197
𓆘U+13198
𓆙U+13199
𓆚U+1319A
𓆛U+1319B
𓆜U+1319C
𓆝U+1319D
𓆞U+1319E
𓆟U+1319F
𓆠U+131A0
𓆡U+131A1
𓆢U+131A2
𓆣U+131A3
𓆤U+131A4
𓆥U+131A5
𓆦U+131A6
𓆧U+131A7
𓆨U+131A8
𓆩U+131A9
𓆪U+131AA
𓆫U+131AB
𓆬U+131AC
𓆭U+131AD
𓆮U+131AE
𓆯U+131AF
𓆰U+131B0
𓆱U+131B1
𓆲U+131B2
𓆳U+131B3
𓆴U+131B4
𓆵U+131B5
𓆶U+131B6
𓆷U+131B7
𓆸U+131B8
𓆹U+131B9
𓆺U+131BA
𓆻U+131BB
𓆼U+131BC
𓆽U+131BD
𓆾U+131BE
𓆿U+131BF
𓇀U+131C0
𓇁U+131C1
𓇂U+131C2
𓇃U+131C3
𓇄U+131C4
𓇅U+131C5
𓇆U+131C6
𓇇U+131C7
𓇈U+131C8
𓇉U+131C9
𓇊U+131CA
𓇋U+131CB
𓇌U+131CC
𓇍U+131CD
𓇎U+131CE
𓇏U+131CF
𓇐U+131D0
𓇑U+131D1
𓇒U+131D2
𓇓U+131D3
𓇔U+131D4
𓇕U+131D5
𓇖U+131D6
𓇗U+131D7
𓇘U+131D8
𓇙U+131D9
𓇚U+131DA
𓇛U+131DB
𓇜U+131DC
𓇝U+131DD
𓇞U+131DE
𓇟U+131DF
𓇠U+131E0
𓇡U+131E1
𓇢U+131E2
𓇣U+131E3
𓇤U+131E4
𓇥U+131E5
𓇦U+131E6
𓇧U+131E7
𓇨U+131E8
𓇩U+131E9
𓇪U+131EA
𓇫U+131EB
𓇬U+131EC
𓇭U+131ED
𓇮U+131EE
𓇯U+131EF
𓇰U+131F0
𓇱U+131F1
𓇲U+131F2
𓇳U+131F3
𓇴U+131F4
𓇵U+131F5
𓇶U+131F6
𓇷U+131F7
𓇸U+131F8
𓇹U+131F9
𓇺U+131FA
𓇻U+131FB
𓇼U+131FC
𓇽U+131FD
𓇾U+131FE
𓇿U+131FF
𓈀U+13200
𓈁U+13201
𓈂U+13202
𓈃U+13203
𓈄U+13204
𓈅U+13205
𓈆U+13206
𓈇U+13207
𓈈U+13208
𓈉U+13209
𓈊U+1320A
𓈋U+1320B
𓈌U+1320C
𓈍U+1320D
𓈎U+1320E
𓈏U+1320F
𓈐U+13210
𓈑U+13211
𓈒U+13212
𓈓U+13213
𓈔U+13214
𓈕U+13215
𓈖U+13216
𓈗U+13217
𓈘U+13218
𓈙U+13219
𓈚U+1321A
𓈛U+1321B
𓈜U+1321C
𓈝U+1321D
𓈞U+1321E
𓈟U+1321F
𓈠U+13220
𓈡U+13221
𓈢U+13222
𓈣U+13223
𓈤U+13224
𓈥U+13225
𓈦U+13226
𓈧U+13227
𓈨U+13228
𓈩U+13229
𓈪U+1322A
𓈫U+1322B
𓈬U+1322C
𓈭U+1322D
𓈮U+1322E
𓈯U+1322F
𓈰U+13230
𓈱U+13231
𓈲U+13232
𓈳U+13233
𓈴U+13234
𓈵U+13235
𓈶U+13236
𓈷U+13237
𓈸U+13238
𓈹U+13239
𓈺U+1323A
𓈻U+1323B
𓈼U+1323C
𓈽U+1323D
𓈾U+1323E
𓈿U+1323F
𓉀U+13240
𓉁U+13241
𓉂U+13242
𓉃U+13243
𓉄U+13244
𓉅U+13245
𓉆U+13246
𓉇U+13247
𓉈U+13248
𓉉U+13249
𓉊U+1324A
𓉋U+1324B
𓉌U+1324C
𓉍U+1324D
𓉎U+1324E
𓉏U+1324F
𓉐U+13250
𓉑U+13251
𓉒U+13252
𓉓U+13253
𓉔U+13254
𓉕U+13255
𓉖U+13256
𓉗U+13257
𓉘U+13258
𓉙U+13259
𓉚U+1325A
𓉛U+1325B
𓉜U+1325C
𓉝U+1325D
𓉞U+1325E
𓉟U+1325F
𓉠U+13260
𓉡U+13261
𓉢U+13262
𓉣U+13263
𓉤U+13264
𓉥U+13265
𓉦U+13266
𓉧U+13267
𓉨U+13268
𓉩U+13269
𓉪U+1326A
𓉫U+1326B
𓉬U+1326C
𓉭U+1326D
𓉮U+1326E
𓉯U+1326F
𓉰U+13270
𓉱U+13271
𓉲U+13272
𓉳U+13273
𓉴U+13274
𓉵U+13275
𓉶U+13276
𓉷U+13277
𓉸U+13278
𓉹U+13279
𓉺U+1327A
𓉻U+1327B
𓉼U+1327C
𓉽U+1327D
𓉾U+1327E
𓉿U+1327F
𓊀U+13280
𓊁U+13281
𓊂U+13282
𓊃U+13283
𓊄U+13284
𓊅U+13285
𓊆U+13286
𓊇U+13287
𓊈U+13288
𓊉U+13289
𓊊U+1328A
𓊋U+1328B
𓊌U+1328C
𓊍U+1328D
𓊎U+1328E
𓊏U+1328F
𓊐U+13290
𓊑U+13291
𓊒U+13292
𓊓U+13293
𓊔U+13294
𓊕U+13295
𓊖U+13296
𓊗U+13297
𓊘U+13298
𓊙U+13299
𓊚U+1329A
𓊛U+1329B
𓊜U+1329C
𓊝U+1329D
𓊞U+1329E
𓊟U+1329F
𓊠U+132A0
𓊡U+132A1
𓊢U+132A2
𓊣U+132A3
𓊤U+132A4
𓊥U+132A5
𓊦U+132A6
𓊧U+132A7
𓊨U+132A8
𓊩U+132A9
𓊪U+132AA
𓊫U+132AB
𓊬U+132AC
𓊭U+132AD
𓊮U+132AE
𓊯U+132AF
𓊰U+132B0
𓊱U+132B1
𓊲U+132B2
𓊳U+132B3
𓊴U+132B4
𓊵U+132B5
𓊶U+132B6
𓊷U+132B7
𓊸U+132B8
𓊹U+132B9
𓊺U+132BA
𓊻U+132BB
𓊼U+132BC
𓊽U+132BD
𓊾U+132BE
𓊿U+132BF
𓋀U+132C0
𓋁U+132C1
𓋂U+132C2
𓋃U+132C3
𓋄U+132C4
𓋅U+132C5
𓋆U+132C6
𓋇U+132C7
𓋈U+132C8
𓋉U+132C9
𓋊U+132CA
𓋋U+132CB
𓋌U+132CC
𓋍U+132CD
𓋎U+132CE
𓋏U+132CF
𓋐U+132D0
𓋑U+132D1
𓋒U+132D2
𓋓U+132D3
𓋔U+132D4
𓋕U+132D5
𓋖U+132D6
𓋗U+132D7
𓋘U+132D8
𓋙U+132D9
𓋚U+132DA
𓋛U+132DB
𓋜U+132DC
𓋝U+132DD
𓋞U+132DE
𓋟U+132DF
𓋠U+132E0
𓋡U+132E1
𓋢U+132E2
𓋣U+132E3
𓋤U+132E4
𓋥U+132E5
𓋦U+132E6
𓋧U+132E7
𓋨U+132E8
𓋩U+132E9
𓋪U+132EA
𓋫U+132EB
𓋬U+132EC
𓋭U+132ED
𓋮U+132EE
𓋯U+132EF
𓋰U+132F0
𓋱U+132F1
𓋲U+132F2
𓋳U+132F3
𓋴U+132F4
𓋵U+132F5
𓋶U+132F6
𓋷U+132F7
𓋸U+132F8
𓋹U+132F9
𓋺U+132FA
𓋻U+132FB
𓋼U+132FC
𓋽U+132FD
𓋾U+132FE
𓋿U+132FF
𓌀U+13300
𓌁U+13301
𓌂U+13302
𓌃U+13303
𓌄U+13304
𓌅U+13305
𓌆U+13306
𓌇U+13307
𓌈U+13308
𓌉U+13309
𓌊U+1330A
𓌋U+1330B
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圣书文(或称圣书字,圣书体),是古代埃及的正式书写体系,它由表音字母,表意文字共同构成,并被分为音节。它拥有1000多个单独的文字图形。圣书字有三种字体,其中碑铭体(圣书体)被视为正规体,此外还有草体的“僧侣体”和简化的“大众体”(或称世俗体)。圣书字发源于3200年前的青铜时代早期,最早的被破解的成句的书写文字来自第二王朝(公元前28世纪),并在中王国时期形成了成熟的书写文字体系。圣书字一直被使用到公元5世纪后消亡。1820年,法国语言学家商博良在罗塞塔石碑的帮助下重新破解。
埃及象形文字有30个单音字,80个双音字,和50个三音字,也有直接能够表示意义的图形字符。真正的表形文字不多,多数是借数个表形文字的读音来表示其它的概念。类似于汉语的假借用法。限定符则类似于汉语中的偏旁部首的作用(形声字)。埃及象形文字中表形、表意和表音相结合,其意符和声符都来源于象形的图形。与汉语所不同的则是它们依然保持单独的图形字符。有趣的是,这种文字可以横写也可以竖写,可以向右写也可以向左写,到底是什么方向则看动物字符头部的指向来判断;至于在单词单元上则以体现匀称美观为主,只要不影响意思,上下左右均可。这可以说是埃及象形文字的书法特征之一。埃及象形文字一般特指圣书体,主要用于庄重场合,多见于神庙、纪念碑、金字塔的铭文的雕刻。僧侣体则多用于书写于纸草上,相当于汉字的行书或草书。而世俗体则是对僧侣体的简化。
1890年代在希拉孔波利斯(又译希拉康坡里斯)发掘时发现的纳尔迈石板(公元前31世纪)多年来被认为是埃及象形文字的最早文献。然而,在1998年德国考古队在阿拜多斯(现在地名为乌姆·卡伯)发现了前王朝奈加代三期的一个统治者的U-j坟墓,复原了几百块骨片,从中找到了具有完全规模的埃及象形文字。这一坟墓的年代约为公元前33世纪。埃及象形文字包含3种字符:音符,包含单音素文字,还有许多单音节文字和多音节文字;意符,表示一个单词;限定符,加在单词的最后以限定语意的范围。埃及学家商博良对这一文字系统作了如下说明:当文字发展并在埃及普及时,对文字的简化也就发展了。这就导致出现了僧侣体和世俗体字体。这些字体适合于在纸草上书写。但是圣书体并没有因此而衰落,而是与这些字体共存。罗塞塔石碑就包含了圣书体和世俗体。在波斯人的统治期间(公元前6世纪到公元前5世纪,其中有间断),在亚历山大征服埃及之后,在马其顿和罗马统治时期,圣书体继续被使用。晚期埃及象形文字的地位有点复杂。一种说法是埃及象形文字区分了“真正的埃及人”和外国统治者(以及埃及的仆从),这可能归因于希腊和罗马的作家对于埃及象形文字的偏见。另一个原因是出对自己的文化的自尊心,希腊罗马时期的作家不愿用自己的语言来描述对方的文化。由于埃及象形文字是神圣的,那个时代的作家们把它想像成寓言式的,甚至是魔术式的,秘传的,神秘的知识。这种自尊心导致的不是好奇心,而是无视。虽然这种文字系统尽管复杂但却合理。埃及象形文字之所以衰落的原因即有外部原因也有内部原因,是一个饶有兴味的研究课题。公元4世纪左右,只有很少的埃及人还能够读出这些埃及象形文字,此后逐渐就真的成了一个“谜”。罗马皇帝狄奥多西一世在公元391年发布敕令,关闭了所有非基督教的神殿,从此就再也没有建造过刻有埃及象形文字的纪念碑或者神殿。最后写下的埃及象形文字是在391年不久后,在遥远南方的一座神殿里发现的。公元4世纪出现了赫拉波罗的《象形文字集》,对将近200个象形文字作了解释。到底谁是作者至今还不清楚,这部著作长期以来成为解读埃及象形文字的障碍物。早期研究者认为它源出于希腊文,近期的研究则倾向于它含有真正的知识的残片,把它定性为埃及知识阶层试图挽救濒于失传的文化的一次“绝望”的尝试。《象形文字集》对文艺复兴时期的符号主义起了主要的影响,特别是安德烈亚·阿尔恰托的《图形的寓意》,还有弗朗切斯科·科隆纳的《寻爱绮梦》。几百年来,有许多近代学者对解读这些象形文字进行了尝试,其中值得一提的是17世纪的阿塔纳斯·珂雪。然而这些尝试不是失败,就是漫无边际的想像力的虚幻。对解读埃及象形文字最有成就的是托马斯·杨和让-弗朗索瓦·商博良,在1800年的初始。拿破仑军队远征埃及时,在罗塞塔城附近发现了一块用三种文字(圣书体、世俗体和古希腊文)写成的黑色玄武石碑,被称为“罗塞塔石碑”。这块石碑给解读带来了关键性的资料。商博良借助自己丰富的语言知识,从国王托勒密的名字入手,在1830年代几乎完全破译了埃及象形文字。这对当时诞生不久的埃及学来说是一个重大的进展。